|
|
| Gallium | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,3 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 |
| Ground state | 2P°1/2 |
| Atomic Volume | 11.8 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 1.81 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -3 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -2.09 x 10-10 |
| Speed of sound | 2740 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 276.1 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 5.59 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 270.3 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 25.86 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 40.6 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | No data. |
| Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 60 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 1.5 |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | No data. |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 0.8671 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.2 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 69.7 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
5.999 |
| Second
|
20.51 |
| Third
|
30.71 |
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
9.25174 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
9.22482 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 14.2) |
10.2642 KeV |
| Kβ3 (intensity 7.3) |
10.2589 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
1.09792 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
1.09792 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 30.1) |
1.1248 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 1) |
1.197 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 0.2) |
1.197 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 3) |
0.984 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 8.5) |
0.9598 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
130 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
136 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
126 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
187 pm |
| Triple covalent
|
121 pm |
| Metallic
|
135 pm |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 3 | IV | 0.61 | 0.47 | * |
| V | 0.69 | 0.55 | ||
| VI | 0.76 | 0.62 | R* | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Ga+3 |
| Other
|
Ga+1, Ga+2 |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
578.8 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1979 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
2963 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
6200 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
8700 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
11400 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
14400 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
17700 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
22300 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
26100 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 1310 | 1448 | 1620 | 1838 | 2125 | 2518 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Orthorhombic |
 |
a = 451.97 pm |
| b = 766.33 pm | |
| c = 452.6 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |